Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the current study on “ Impact of using Ground water irrigation on cropping pattern in selected village in Coimbatore district” are described under the following headings.

4.1. Socio-economic factors;

4.2. Groundwater irrigation and cropping pattern;

4.3. Relationship between size of the bore well, area of cultivation and family income;

4.4. Variance between family income, size of the bore well, depth of the bore well, cost incurred and area of cultivation;

4.5. Irrigation and cropping pattern in different season;

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4.1 Socio-economic factors

4.1.1 Age of the head of the family

Age is an important socio economic factor of the farmers. The total sample size obtained for the study comprise from different age groups. Therefore, the table 4.1.1 indicates the age of the selected farmers.

TABLE 4.1.1

AGE OF THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY

As seen in the table 4.1.1 it is found that the maximum of 25% of the farmers are come under the age group of above 60 years, which noticed that the village is based on agriculture for the past several decades. And minimum of 6.6% of the farmers are come under the age group of 30-40 years. Because in now a days people where also engaged in other non-agricultural activities.

4.1.2 Sex of the farmer

Sex is another important factor in determining the non-economic factor of the farmers. Table 4.1.2 indicates the details regarding the sex of the selected farmers.  

TABLE 4.1.2

SEX OF THE SELECTED FARMERS

The table 4.1.2 shows that 95 per cent of the selected farmers were male and the remaining 5 percent of them were female. Hence both the sex of the people was engaged in agriculture.

4.1.3Family income per annum of the selected farmers

Annual income of the farmers is a most important economic factor. This was shown under the following table 4.1.3.

TABLE 4.1.3

FAMILY INCOME PER ANNUM OF THE SELECTED FARMERS

The table 4.1.3 observed that the annual income of the 71.7 percent of the sample farmers are between Rs. 25,000- Rs. 50,000, 11.7 per of the sample farmers are having their family income of Rs. Up to 25,000 and 16.6 % of the sample farmers having their family income between Rs.50, 000 – Rs.75, 000.

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4.2 Groundwater irrigation and cropping pattern

4.2.1 Period under which the major ground water is utilized

During the different periods of the year, and based on the availability of the ground water the selected farmers have to utilize the water carefully to meet their requirements. The period at which the groundwater is utilized more is given under the following table 4.2.1.

TABLE 4.2.1

PERIOD DURING WHICH MAJOR GROUND WATER RESOURCE IS UTILIZED

The above table 4.2.1 is evident to note that 93.3% of the sample farmers use the ground water during the month of may because of summer and during august only 20 % of the sample farmers the ground water for irrigation purpose. It is also seen that the period between Septembers to December is recharging period because of the southeast monsoon in Coimbatore district.

Figure 4.1. (A)

4.2.2 Types of crops and area of cultivation in the selected village

The farmers used the ground water irrigation to improve their cropping pattern. The following table 4.2.2 implies the types of crops and the area of cultivation of the selected farmers.

TABLE 4.2.2

TYPES OF CROPS AND AREA OF CULTIVATION

The above table 4.2.2 implies that the farmers cultivate coconut with maximum of 57.50 acres from the total of 205.05 acres with maximum of 27.98 %. And the farmers cultivate chilly and grains with minimum of only 4 and 3 acres respectively, with minimum of 1.95% and 1.45 %.

4.2.3 Usage of bore well for irrigation purpose

The usage of the bore wells, which is a main source of ground water irrigation made by the selected farmers, is explained under the following table 4.2.3.

TABLE 4.2.3

USAGE OF BORE WELLS BY THE SELECTED FARMERS

                                                                                                (in years)

The table 4.2.3 indicates the usage of bore well in number of years where the farmers used it for groundwater irrigation. The table shows that the maximum of 78.3 % of the farmers are used bore wells for the past five years and with minimum of 21.7% of them are used bore wells for more than 5 years to improve their crop cultivation.

4.2.4 Size of the bore well

To know the size of the bore wells by the farmers is a major source of using ground water irrigation. The size may be differing into 4.5 inches, 5.5 inches and 6.5 inches respectively. The below table 4.2.4 indicates that which size of bore well is used most in ground water irrigation by the selected farmers.

TABLE 4.2.4

SIZE OF BORE WELL USED BY THE SELECTED FARMERS

The table 4.2.4 indicates that the maximum number of the selected farmers with 55.0 % are having their bore size as 6.5 inches and minimum of 16.7 % of the farmers having their bore size with 5.5 inches and rest of 28.3% of the farmers are preferred to have 4.5 inches for their irrigation purposes.

4.2.5 Depth of the bore well

The farmers were digging varied depth of bore wells with respect to which the level of the ground water is found. The table 4.2.5 shows the different depth of the bore wells dig by the selected farmers.

TABLE 4.2.5

DEPTH OF THE BORE WELL

The table4.2.5 indicates that the maximum of 46.7% of the farmers has dig their bore depth to about 550-650 feet and minimum of 11.7% of the farmers has dig their bore depth up to 750-850 feet. This indicates that the ground water level is decreased from a certain level.

FIGURE 4.2 (A)

4.2.6 Level of ground water found in the land

The following table 4.2.6 explains the level of the ground water   found in the land.

TABLE 4.2.6

LEVEL OF GROUND WATER FOUND IN THE LAND

The table 4.2.6 indicates the maximum of   83.3 % of the farms are found the water level in the soil at 400 – 450 feet and minimum of 1.7 % of the farms are found the water level at 700 feet only.

 4.2.7 The cost incurred in bore well

The cost incurred in the bore well is a socio economic factor of the farmers. The following table 4.2.7 indicates the amount incurred by the farmers in the digging of the bore wells.

TABLE 4.2.7

THE COST INCURRED IN THE BORE WELL

The table 4.2.7 shows that the maximum of 41.7% of the farmers are incurred Rs. 40,000 for the digging of the bore well and minimum of 8.3 % of the farmers are incurred about 1,00,000 for deepening the bore to found more water for the large farms.

4.2.8 Realization of the cost

While digging the bore well, the selected farmers in the village have to incur heavily for getting ground water for their irrigation purposes. Hence, the following table 4.2.8 explained that if the farmers have realized the cost or not.

TABLE 4.2.8

REALIZATION OF THE COST

The table 4.2.8 implies that maximum of 98.3 % of the farmers have realized the cost and the rest of 1.7 % of the farmers may not realized the cost.

4.2.9 Number of hour’s water pumped per day

When ground water is pumped for irrigation it takes hours for pumping water depending upon the type of land (wet / dry) and the area of the land the farmers have with them. In this study the selected village contain only the dry land. So it takes more hours for pumping the ground water.  Hence the following table 4.2.9 shows the number of hours water pumped per day.

TABLE 4.2.9

NUMBER OF HOUR’S WATER PUMPED PER DAY

From the above table 4.2.9 the maximum of 51.7 % of the farmers would used groundwater by pumping it for about 3 to 6 hours per day, the minimum of 13.3 % of the farmer were pumping the water for not more than 3 hours per day and the middle average of 35 % of the farmers are used to pumping the ground water for above more than 6 hours per day.

4.2.10 Change in cropping pattern using bore wells

Depending upon the availability of ground water, the selected farmers used to change their cropping pattern based on the type of land used for the cultivation. The following            table 4.2.10 explains if the farmers would change their cropping pattern after using bore wells or not.

TABLE 4.2.10

CHANGE IN CROPPING PATTERN

The table 4.2.10 shows that maximum of 95% of the farmers would changed their cropping pattern with the use of the bore wells and minimum of 5% of the farmers have not changed their cropping pattern.

4.2.11 Years since changing in the cropping pattern made by the farmers

By using Ground water irrigation the farmers would change their cropping pattern during the study period (2003- 2004) is explained under the following table4.2.11.

TABLE 4.2.11

YEARS SINCE CHANGING IN THE CROPPING PATTERN MADE BY THE FARMERS

The table 4.2.11 implies that the number of years since the cropping pattern has changed. It indicates that maximum of    48.3% farmers have changed their cropping pattern using the bore wells for the past five years. And minimum of 1.7 % of the farmers have changed their cropping pattern for the past two years.

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4.3       Relationship between size of bore wells, area of cultivation and family income

4.3.1 Relationship between family income per annum and size of the bore wells

There is no associate between the family income of the farmers and size of the bore wells used for the ground water irrigation. To analyze this relationship the chi – square technique is used.

TABLE 4.3.1

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY INCOME PER ANNUM AND THE SIZE OF THE BORE WELL

*    5% level of significance

**   1% level of significance

NS: Not significance

                              Chi – Square value (c²)  = 6.03708 *

                              Degrees of freedom = 6

                              Table value (c²0.05) = 12.6

Therefore the calculated value of the chi-square  (c²) 6.037 is less than the table value (c²0.05) 12.6. Hence the hypothesis that there is no associate between the sizes of the bore well and family income per annum is accepted at 5 % level of significance.

4.3.2 Relationship between the area of cultivation and the size of the bore well

There is no associate between area of cultivation and the size of the bore well. Hence, this relationship is analyzed by the chi square technique. The following tables explain the relationship between these two variables.

TABLE 4.3.2

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE AREA OF CULTIVATION AND THE SIZE OF BORE WELL

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